INFRASTRUCTURE FOR LLM TRAINING
Introduction
We explore the infrastructure design for training LLMs, encompassing accelerators, networks, storage, and scheduling systems.
Content
- AI Accelerators
- NVIDIA GPUs
- Other AI Accelerators
- Network Infrastructure
- Chip-to-Chip
- Node-to-Node
- Network Topology
- Load Balancing & Congestion Control (CC)
- Storage Systems
- Checkpoint Storage
- Training Data Storage
- Scheduling Systems
- Workload Scheduling
- Resource Scheduling
AI Accelerators
NVIDIA GPUs
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NVIDIA Ampere Architecture. [Website]
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NVIDIA Hopper Architecture. [Website]
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NVIDIA Blackwell Architecture. [pdf]
Other AI Accelerators
- Amd instinct tm mi250x accelerator enabled by elevated fanout bridge advanced packaging architecture [pdf]
- 2023 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits).
- R. Swaminathan, M. J. Schulte, B. Wilkerson, G. H. Loh, A. Smith, N. James
- Gaudi training platform white paper [White paper]
- Habana
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- The cerebras cs-2: Designing an ai accelerator around the world’s largest 2.6 trillion transistor chip [pdf]
- Proceedings of the 2022 International Symposium on Physical Design, 2022
- J.-P. Fricker
Network Infrastructure
Chip-to-Chip
-
Nvidia dgx-1 system architecture white paper [White paper]
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Node-to-Node
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Network Topology
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Load Balancing & Congestion Control (CC)
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IEEE. 802.1qbb – priority-based flow control [pdf]
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- Congestion control for large-scale rdma deployments [pdf]
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- Hpcc: High precision congestion control [pdf]
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- 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22)
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- 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)
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Storage Systems
Checkpoint Storage
- Facebook’s tectonic filesystem: Efficiency from exascale [pdf]
- 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)
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- Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI’06)
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Training Data Storage
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- Proceedings of the 2003 Linux symposium
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- {GPFS}: A {Shared-Disk} file system for large computing clusters [pdf]
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- Proceedings of the 48th International Conference on Parallel Processing, 2019
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- Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, 2014
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Scheduling Systems
Workload Scheduling
- Tiresias: A {GPU} cluster manager for distributed deep learning [pdf]
- 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19), 2019
- J. Gu, M. Chowdhury, K. G. Shin, Y. Zhu, M. Jeon, J. Qian, H. Liu, and C. Guo
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- 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20), 2020
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Resource Scheduling
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